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Before focusing on biotechnology, students take prior courses in biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. As well, courses in organic and analytical chemistry are required at some point, as well as cell biology and microbiology.
Students also study the principles of genetics, evolution, and pharmacology and toxicology. They learn how genes interact and the effects of activation vs. inactivation. They also learn how external chemicals and toxins can affect genes and gene regulation, and use this knowledge to understand how biological manipulation works at both the genetic and morphological levels.
In addition to classroom studies, biotechnology programs incorporate much hands-on experience. Students learn the fundamentals of the laboratory workplace: sterile technique, tissue culture, and the like. They also become familiar with current software used in biotechnology research, as well as laboratory management techniques. They learn the principles and practices of statistical quality control, control charts, data interpretation, and appropriate actions in response to experimental results.
For students taking biotechnology as a minor for business, related courses in biotechnology enterprise management are included. Students learn the specifics of managing a biotechnology company and the specifics of patenting any biotechnology products produced by that company.
At the honours or graduate level, students take a directed studies approach to learning, where they focus on a specific biotechnology-related project. Students learn to manage the full spectrum: from abstract idea, to experimental design, to results interpretation, peer review, other applications, patenting, and finished product.
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