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Geology is such a broad science that students typically specialize after a common first year where they study the origin and evolution of the Earth and the solar system. They are introduced to plate tectonics and the rock cycle. As well, the links between geology and the other sciences is studied such as the evolution of life, biogeography, and global climate in the context of geologic time. Students learn about the carbon cycle, human interactions with the Earth, and mineral and energy resources.
Students choosing to focus on traditional geology often study the geology of their geographic area. They study the diverse geomorphologies and landscapes and observe the various rock types that make up the geological column from the Precambrian to the present, including the widespread glacial deposits. In addition, the structure of rocks are observed and discussed, fossils are identified, and tours to various mines and dams are conducted.
Students choosing to focus on mapping and remote sensing will take courses that emphasize the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of geographic information systems. Orientation, measurement, description, and analysis of planar and linear structures in rocks, including folds, faults, and fabrics are studied. Students learn to construct geologic maps and cross-sections. Lab exercises impart the technical aspects through hands-on experience with appropriate software.
Courses in sedimentology allow for study in the origin of sedimentary materials, processes, structures, textures, and flow regimes. As well, students learn about the properties and classification of rocks and the principles of stratigraphy, stratigraphic nomenclature and the stratigraphic column. Mineralogy students learn about the principles of crystallography, physical and chemical properties of minerals, and determinative mineralogy.
Atmospheric science courses introduce weather and climate. Students learn about atmospheric composition, temperature, humidity, wind, clouds, fronts, storms, and weather forecasting. They also learn how to read and analyze atmospheric maps.
Those in hydrology learn about the hydrologic cycle, water budgets, and basic hydrologic processes. Practical courses include those in well hydraulics and groundwater resource evaluation, regional groundwater flow, and basic hydrogeochemistry processes.
Petrology and ore students study the mineralogy and petrography of ore and gangue minerals. They study geological characteristics and distribution of ore deposits including deposits of base and precious metals, diamonds, and industrial minerals. Students learn about the origin of petroleum; the principles of migration, and reservoir rocks.
Most geology programs include extensive fieldwork. Field exercises teach the fundamentals of recording field data, aerial photograph interpretation, reconstructing depositional environments, and tectonic syntheses.
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